Organizing+the+Modern+School+System

​​Overview Progressive Education Centralization and Curricular Differentiation Immigrants and Schools
 * 1890-1915
 * Era characterized by multifaceted reform: economic, political, and [|social]
 * Economic reform became necessary because of the growth of "trusts" (later called monopolies).
 * Theodore Roosevelt became known as the "trust buster" in his campaign for presidency; he believed that the way to deal with big business was to regulate it with the government.
 * Lawrence Cremin developed the standard historical treatment of progressive education with an extensive list of particulars
 * Michael Katz later provided a more manageable view that revolved around: change in the political control of edcuation, change in educational thought, innovations in school curriculum and other school practices, justifications of schooling in terms of professionalism, and the importing of scientific management into school administration.
 * Progressives capitalized on an atmosphere of public concern about huge increases in sizes of city systems, most notably through school centralization (increase in government control and/or shift of control to the next highest level of government) and differentiation (an attempt to accommodate the different economic roles students would play in their later lives).
 * //Committee of Ten// made recommendations that would affect secondary education.
 * The Cooley Plan was defeated. The plan was named for Edwin G. Cooley, a former superintendent of Chicago's city schools who was a major supporter of vocational education.
 * Massive flow of immigrants, many through Ellis Island, intensified administrative progressives' movement toward centralizaton, management, and differentiation.
 * Relationship between public schools and Catholics became even more troubled.
 * Achievement gap between immigrants and non-immigrants became especially clear at the high school level.
 * Policies toward acculturation of American Indians underwent more changes. Emphasis shifted away from off-reservation boarding schools to on-reservation schools. The Meriam Report of 1928 underscored the failed policies of the past.

Character Education
 * Reformers referred to as "child savers" focused on underclass delinquent childeren.
 * The theory of adolescence put forth by psychologist G. Stanley Hall suggested that children should not be pushed to grow up. He stated that modern society was denying opportunities and outlets for adventure, strenuous activities, and the free use of heroic imagination.
 * Youth organizations, including the YMCA and Boy Scouts developed.

Sing Along!

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Pedagogical Progressives





​Completing the Modern School System